progressive era literature progressive era literature

The rapidly increasing speed of automobiles, and especially trucks, made maintenance and repair a high priority. The Progressive movement split into hostile factions. Some of the most famous Progressive reformers were, Progressive reformers successfully influenced the passage of much substantive legislation, including several amendments to the US Constitution. Outside the Senate, however, a strong majority of the surviving Progressives from the 1910s had become conservative opponents of New Deal economic planning.[283]. Biographer William Harbaugh argues: Woodrow Wilson gained a national reputation as governor of New Jersey by defeating the bosses and pushing through a progressive agenda. Personally, I find that WWI marked the end of the Progressive Era, as acts like the Sedition Act ended civil liberties that were crucial to women's groups, pacifists, labor unions, etc; many of the Progressive groups also lost popular and governmental support due to their anti-war efforts. In practice this meant that if someone was not a white, middle-class protestant they were biologically inferior and needed to be rooted out via "survival of the fittest" (misconstrued) ideology. [274] Women consolidated their gains after the success of the suffrage movement, and moved into causes such as world peace,[275] good government, maternal care (the SheppardTowner Act of 1921),[276] and local support for education and public health. The number of schools in the nation increased dramatically, as did the need for a better more-rounded education system. [19] In his 1906 novel The Jungle Sinclair exposed the unsanitary and inhumane practices of the meatpacking industry, as he made clear in the Jungle itself. [259], The politics of the 1920s was unfriendly toward the labor unions and liberal crusaders against business, so many if not most historians who emphasize those themes write off the decade. Stivers, C. (2009). Folsom, Burton W. "Tinkerers, tipplers, and traitors: ethnicity and democratic reform in Nebraska during the Progressive era. In response to monopolies in the railroad and steel industries, the, Diversity and disagreement within progressivism, Causes and Effects of the Progressive Era, https://www.britannica.com/summary/The-Progressive-Era-Key-Facts. [149] These Progressive reforms were soon replicated in other states, including Idaho, Washington, and Wisconsin, and today roughly half of U.S. states have initiative, referendum and recall provisions in their state constitutions. "The SheppardTowner act: Progressivism in the 1920s. It then flooded the state with letters seeking new members, money, and endorsements from organizations like the State Federation of Labor. In 1913, Congress passed the WebbKenyon Act, which forbade the transport of liquor into dry states. The social structure in rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal. August 2013, online, "Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU", "Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace", "The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax", "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin", "Initiative, Referendum and Recall Introduction", "Transnational Reform and Democracy: Election Reforms in New York City and Berlin Around 1900", Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, "Consensus for Reform: The Mothers'-Pension Movement in the Progressive Era", "State Initiative and Referendum Summary", "Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era", UC Santa Barbara, The American Presidency Project, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/26/lawless-prohibition-gangsters-speakeasies, "A Brief Overview of Progressive Education", "Statistics: Education in America, 18601950", Bibliography of Woodrow Wilson Other primary sources, 1908 Republican campaign text-book online, 1916 Republican campaign text-book online, "Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech), "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech), Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library, Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse, North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Era&oldid=1141038313, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with minor POV problems from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Baker, Paula. They preferred a constitutional amendment over a federal statute because although harder to achieve, they felt it would be harder to change. Why were muckrakers needed in American society? Across the South the General Education Board (funded by the Rockefeller family) provided large-scale subsidies for black schools, which otherwise continued to be underfunded. "Social Imperialism as Trasformismo: A Political Economy Case Study on the Progressive Era, the Federal Reserve Act, and the U.S.'s Entry into World War One, 18901917", in M. Lakitsch, Ed., Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism,", Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s,", Lemons, J. Stanley. [206], Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement, especially on health issues. How did the U.S. congress allow sterilization? Isn't that just well, you would know if you were forced to. ", Ira M. Wasserman, "Prohibition and ethnocultural conflict: The Missouri prohibition referendum of 1918.". Jay Martin, Harvests of Change: American Literature, 1865-1914 PS214 .M35. [129] So, frequently women expressed passionless emotions towards love as a way to establish status among men in the middle class. Progressive Era Books Showing 1-50 of 407 The Bully Pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism (Hardcover) by Doris Kearns Goodwin (shelved 5 times as progressive-era) avg rating 4.12 21,702 ratings published 2013 Want to Read Rate this book According to James Wright, the typical Progressive agenda at the state level included: A reduction of corporate influence, open processes of government and politics, equity entrance in taxation, efficiency in government mental operation, and an expanded, albeit limited, state responsibility to the citizens who are most vulnerable and deprived. These pamphlets from 100500 pages contain official platforms, arguments, biographies, speeches and statistics, all designed to help local party speakers. Calling themselves "The New Nationalists", Croly and Walter Weyl sought to remedy the relatively weak national institutions with a strong federal government. Thanks to the efforts of Oregon State Representative William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League, voters in Oregon overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum processes for citizens to directly introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. Democratic Party (Ohio). The main exception was New York, where party leaders blocked a primary law promoted by Goveror Charles Evans Hughes. ", Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. The idea of sterilization was based in part on a misunderstanding of Darwinism and natural selection. By 1917, two-thirds of the states had some form of prohibition laws and roughly three-quarters of the population lived in dry areas. [210], Many progressive leaders used the rhetoric of righteousness to motivate their Protestant supporters. Rural residents also disagreed with the notion that farms needed to improve their efficiency, as they saw this goal as serving urban interests more than rural ones. In particular, the mixing of black and white pleasure-seekers in "black-and-tan" clubs troubled Progressive reformers. ], While some Progressive leaders became reactionaries, that usually happened in the 1930s, not in the 1920s, as exemplified by William Randolph Hearst,[265] Herbert Hoover, Al Smith, and Henry Ford. You could argue both sides. [35] Victorianism was pushed aside by the rise of progressivism. Progressives around the country put up campaigns to push for an improvement in public education and to make education mandatory. His political philosophy influenced many leading progressives including Theodore Roosevelt, Adolph Berle, as well as his close friends Judge Learned Hand and Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter.[54]. Dayton adopted his policies; by 1920, 177 American cities had followed suit and adopted city manager governments. They craved more sexual freedom following the sexually repressive and restrictive Victorian Era. He drew from the American past a history of resistance to capitalist wage relations that was fundamentally liberal, and he reclaimed an idea that progressives had allowed to lapsethat working for wages was a lesser form of liberty. Michael J. Klarman, "The White Primary Rulings: A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking". Progressive scholars, based at the emerging research universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, Chicago, Michigan, Wisconsin, and California, worked to modernize their disciplines. 9 Cecilia Tichi reads art and literature in the Progressive Era, even that which ostensibly attacked industrial society, as examples of "the covert assimilation of machine values" (31). Their goal was to keep the various factions united for the fall campaign and minimize ticket-splitting. There were 2.4million miles of rural dirt rural roads in 1914; 100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, and 3000 miles were given high quality surfacing. [240] The Southern Education Board came together to publicize the importance of reform. It was led by local chapters of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, whose main goal was to impose prohibition. By the early 1920s, a consensus had been reached that the total influx of immigration had to be restricted, and a series of laws in the 1920s accomplished that purpose. As part of this tradition of maternal activism, the Progressive-era General Federation supported a range of causes from the pure food and drug administration to public health care for mothers and children, to a ban on child labor, each of which looked to the state to help implement their vision of social justice. The states were at liberty to enforce prohibition or not, and most did not try. Progressives argued these needs deserved a higher priority. Joe Locke, "Making the Bible Belt: Preachers, Prohibition, and the Politicization of Southern Religion, 18771918" (PhD dissertation, Rice University, 2012). Economy and budget cutting was their formula. A lot of people who underwent involuntary sterilization were told that they were getting a routine surgery and put under and only discovered later that they had been sterilized. The decision established that the federal government could regulate intrastate commerce when it affected interstate commerce, though Hughes avoided directly overruling the 1895 case of United States v. E. C. Knight Co..[50] As Chief Justice of the Supreme Court he took a moiderate middle position and upheld key New Deal laws. The weakened economy and persistent federal deficits led to changes in fiscal policy, including the imposition of federal income taxes on businesses and individuals and the creation of the Federal Reserve System. The league also concentrated on campaigns for the right of individual communities to choose whether to close their saloons. Relevant Search Results in OneSearch American literature -- 19th century -- History and criticism. U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials, and would go on to establish, at the state level, popular election of U.S. In 1905 the legislature elected him to the United States Senate, where he emerged as a national progressive leader, often clashing with conservatives like Senator Nelson Aldrich. [30] Several major foundations aided the blacks in the South and were typically advised by Booker T. Washington. Direct link to Harriet Buchanan's post I'd say it was a mixture , Posted 4 years ago. [161] Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments. He is remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities and leftist values. Realism in the unchanged depiction of nature and other aspects of life. [49] His majority opinion in the 1914 Shreveport Rate Case upheld the Interstate Commerce Commission's decision to void discriminatory railroad rates imposed by the Railroad Commission of Texas. [114], This movement targeted the regulations of huge monopolies and corporations. [198], Progressives looked to legal arbitration as an alternative to warfare. Do you agree with the ideological assumptions of progressivism? A coalition of middle class reform-oriented voters, academic experts, and reformers hostile to the political machines started forming in the 1890s and introduced a series of reforms in urban America, designed to reduce waste, inefficiency and corruption, by introducing scientific methods, compulsory education and administrative innovations. [107][108], Iowa had a mixed record. Historian Paige Meltzer puts the GFWC in the context of the Progressive Movement, arguing that its policies: built on Progressive-era strategies of municipal housekeeping. Organized crime was able to be successful due to their willingness to use intimidation and violence to carry out their illicit enterprises. Overviews America in the Age of the Titans: The Progressive Era and World War I Call Number: 973.91 C3384 a American Reformers 1870-1920: Progressives in Word and Deed Call Number: 303.484092 P6627 a Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight For the League of Nations Call Number: 973.913 C7773 b They made it a point to also focus on family, education, and many other important aspects that still are enforced today. Overall, were the effects of progressivism more harmful or beneficial to American society? America did not participate in WWI, preferring instead to try to broker peace and avoid conflict. [90] The Stalwarts controlled the Regents, and their interference in academic freedom outraged the faculty. The drys worked energetically to secure two-thirds majority of both houses of Congress and the support of three-quarters of the states needed for an amendment to the federal constitution. in. ", Grantham, Dewey W. "The Contours of Southern Progressivism. John D. Buenker, John C. Boosham, and Robert M. Crunden, Arthur S. Link, "What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?. However, presidential nominations depended chiefly on state party conventions until 1972. [260] However, as Arthur S. Link emphasized, the Progressives did not simply roll over and play dead. The biggest battles came in New York state, where the conservatives fought hard for years against several governors until the primary was finally adopted in 1913. Rate this book. More generally the Social Gospel impulse was base on righteousness, typified by the wide influence of theologian Walter Rauschenbusch. They wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. Women's rights advanced a bit, and women were given the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. [224] Timberlake (1963) argues the dries sought to break the liquor trust, weaken the saloon base of big-city machines, enhance industrial efficiency, and reduce the level of wife beating, child abuse, and poverty caused by alcoholism. Unlike the final election run by government officials, primaries are run by party officials, making it easy to discriminate against black voters in the era of Jim Crow.